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Model Details
Domain:
Model Access:
API access
Citations:
19614
Introduction
We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs. While less capable than humans in many real-world scenarios, GPT-4 exhibits human-level performance on various professional and academic benchmarks, including passing a simulated bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. GPT-4 is a Transformer-based model pre-trained to predict the next token in a document. The post-training alignment process results in improved performance on measures of factuality and adherence to desired behavior. A core component of this project was developing infrastructure and optimization methods that behave predictably across a wide range of scales. This allowed us to accurately predict some aspects of GPT-4's performance based on models trained with no more than 1/1,000th the compute of GPT-4.
Benchmarking
FLOPs2.1e+25
Notes: 90% CI: 8.2E+24 to 4.4E+25 NOTE: this is a rough estimate based on public information, much less information than most other systems in the database. Calculation and confidence intervals here: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1O99z9b1I5O66bT78r9ScslE_nOj5irN9?usp=sharing
Training
HardwareNVIDIA A100 SXM4 40 GB
Hardware Quantity25000
Size Notes: Speculative. Reported secondhand by online sources such as Semianalysis, but not verified by OpenAI. If total number of tokens seen was 13T, text was repeated for 2 epochs, and text was the majority of tokens, then dataset size roughly is 13T*0.75/2 = 4.9T words. Note this examines only the text dataset, since GPT-4 was first and foremost a language model. However, the vision component had its own vision dataset, which we believe accounted for a much smaller part of the compute budget.
Parameters
Parameters1800000000000
Notes: Rumored to be 1.8T parameter MoE with 280B activated on the forward pass, per https://www.semianalysis.com/p/gpt-4-architecture-infrastructure. Other sources estimate 1.76T with 220B per forward pass https://web.archive.org/web/20230712123915/https://the-decoder.com/gpt-4-architecture-datasets-costs-and-more-leaked/
Authors
OpenAI, Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, Red Avila, Igor Babuschkin, Suchir Balaji, Valerie Balcom, Paul Baltescu, Haiming Bao, Mohammad Bavarian, Jeff Belgum, Irwan Bello, Jake Berdine, Gabriel Bernadett-Shapiro, Christopher Berner, Lenny Bogdonoff, Oleg Boiko, Madelaine Boyd, Anna-Luisa Brakman, Greg Brockman, Tim Brooks, Miles Brundage, Kevin Button, Trevor Cai, Rosie Campbell, Andrew Cann, Brittany Carey, Chelsea Carlson, Rory Carmichael, Brooke Chan, Che Chang, Fotis Chantzis, Derek Chen, Sully Chen, Ruby Chen, Jason Chen, Mark Chen, Ben Chess, Chester Cho, Casey Chu, Hyung Won Chung, Dave Cummings, Jeremiah Currier, Yunxing Dai, Cory Decareaux, Thomas Degry, Noah Deutsch, Damien Deville, Arka Dhar, David Dohan, Steve Dowling, Sheila Dunning, Adrien Ecoffet, Atty Eleti, Tyna Eloundou, David Farhi, Liam Fedus, Niko Felix, Simón Posada Fishman, Juston Forte, Isabella Fulford, Leo Gao, Elie Georges, Christian Gibson, Vik Goel, Tarun Gogineni, Gabriel Goh, Rapha Gontijo-Lopes, Jonathan Gordon, Morgan Grafstein, Scott Gray, Ryan Greene, Joshua Gross, Shixiang Shane Gu, Yufei Guo, Chris Hallacy, Jesse Han, Jeff Harris, Yuchen He, Mike Heaton, Johannes Heidecke, Chris Hesse, Alan Hickey, Wade Hickey, Peter Hoeschele, Brandon Houghton, Kenny Hsu, Shengli Hu, Xin Hu, Joost Huizinga, Shantanu Jain, Shawn Jain et al. (181 additional authors not shown)
Video
Speech