Introduction

We’re releasing OpenAI o3-mini, the newest, most cost-efficient model in our reasoning series, available in both ChatGPT and the API today. Previewed in December 2024⁠, this powerful and fast model advances the boundaries of what small models can achieve, delivering exceptional STEM capabilities—with particular strength in science, math, and coding—all while maintaining the low cost and reduced latency of OpenAI o1-mini. OpenAI o3-mini is our first small reasoning model that supports highly requested developer features including function calling⁠(opens in a new window), Structured Outputs⁠(opens in a new window), and developer messages⁠(opens in a new window), making it production-ready out of the gate. Like OpenAI o1-mini and OpenAI o1-preview, o3-mini will support streaming⁠(opens in a new window). Also, developers can choose between three reasoning effort⁠(opens in a new window) options—low, medium, and high—to optimize for their specific use cases. This flexibility allows o3-mini to “think harder” when tackling complex challenges or prioritize speed when latency is a concern. o3-mini does not support vision capabilities, so developers should continue using OpenAI o1 for visual reasoning tasks. o3-mini is rolling out in the Chat Completions API, Assistants API, and Batch API starting today to select developers in API usage tiers 3-5⁠

Benchmarking

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Authors

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Training Brian Zhang, Eric Mitchell, Hongyu Ren, Kevin Lu, Max Schwarzer, Michelle Pokrass, Shengjia Zhao, Ted Sanders Eval Adam Kalai, Alex Tachard Passos, Ben Sokolowsky, Elaine Ya Le, Erik Ritter, Hao Sheng, Hanson Wang, Ilya Kostrikov, James Lee, Johannes Ferstad, Michael Lampe, Prashanth Radhakrishnan, Sean Fitzgerald, Sebastien Bubeck, Yann Dubois, Yu Bai Frontier Evals & Preparedness Andy Applebaum, Elizabeth Proehl, Evan Mays, Joel Parish, Kevin Liu, Leon Maksin, Leyton Ho, Miles Wang, Michele Wang, Olivia Watkins, Patrick Chao, Samuel Miserendino, Tejal Patwardhan Engineering Adam Walker, Akshay Nathan, Alyssa Huang, Andy Wang, Ankit Gohel, Ben Eggers, Brian Yu, Bryan Ashley, Chengdu Huang, Christian Hoareau, Davin Bogan, Emily Sokolova, Eric Horacek, Eric Jiang, Felipe Petroski Such, Jonah Cohen, Josh Gross, Justin Becker, Kan Wu, Kevin Whinnery, Larry Lv, Lee Byron, Manoli Liodakis, Max Johnson, Mike Trpcic, Murat Yesildal, Rasmus Rygaard, RJ Marsan, Rohit Ramchandani, Rohan Kshirsagar, Roman Huet, Sara Conlon, Shuaiqi (Tony) Xia, Siyuan Fu, Srinivas Narayanan, Sulman Choudhry, Tomer Kaftan, Trevor Creech Search Adam Fry, Adam Perelman, Brandon Wang, Cristina Scheau, Philip Pronin, Sundeep Tirumalareddy, Will Ellsworth, Zewei Chu Product Antonia Woodford, Beth Hoover, Jake Brill, Kelly Stirman, Minnia Feng, Neel Ajjarapu, Nick Turley, Nikunj Handa, Olivier Godement Safety Andrea Vallone, Andrew Duberstein, Enis Sert, Eric Wallace, Grace Zhao, Irina Kofman, Jieqi Yu, Joaquin Quinonero Candela, Madelaine Boyd, Mehmet Yatbaz, Mike McClay, Mingxuan Wang, Saachi Jain, Sandhini Agarwal, Sam Toizer, Santiago Hernández, Steve Mostovoy, Young Cha, Tao Li, Yunyun Wang External Redteaming Lama Ahmad, Troy Peterson Research Program Managers Carpus Chang, Kristen Ying Leadership Aidan Clark, Dane Stuckey, Jerry Tworek, Jakub Pachocki, Johannes Heidecke, Kevin Weil, Liam Fedus, Mark Chen, Sam Altman, Wojciech Zaremba